Wednesday, April 17, 2013

Simple Explanations of Breadboard, Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Zener Diode, Halfwave - Fullwave Rectifier and PSPICE circuit simulation software


BREADBOARD: Breadboards are used to design circuits in a rapid and easily changed fashion. Wires and components are simply pushed into the holes to form a completed circuit and power can be applied. One of the main advantages of using a breadboard is that the components are not soldered and if they are positioned incorrectly they can be moved easily to a new position on the board.

OSCILLOSCOPE: An oscilloscope is the most important piece of electronic test equipment. They allow you to see, in great detail, what is going on with all the voltage level that changes quickly moment by moment in your circuit.                                                                                                 
  
FUNCTION GENERATOR: A function generator is an electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. The signals from function generator represent the periodic value of a given mathematical function, especially sine, square, triangle and sawtooth waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot. Model 4086AWG is a laboratory grade synthesized function generator with arbitrary capability. The 4086AWG produces high purity, low distortion sine waves up to 80 MHz.

ZENER DIODE:  Zener diode is a solid state device having two contiguous regions of opposite conductivity type (P-type and N-type) and a PN junction at the interface of the two regions. Typically, one of the regions is more lightly doped than the other, and is the region chiefly affecting breakdown voltage of the PN junction. Zener diodes are commonly formed in a semiconductor process that utilizes a separate doping step to define the relative doping concentrations.  Zener diodes are used to protect circuit components from an over-voltage condition by preventing a circuit node from exceeding the breakdown voltage. 

          HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS: Half wave rectifier uses the ability of a silicon diode to conduct current while forward biased and stop current flow while reverse biased. In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer.

            FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.           

                PSPICE: It is SPICE software, an analog circuit and digital logic simulation software. The full form of SPICE is Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. Now a days it is available for students to download demo version from the internet, or buy full version, and run on their personal computers, that is why the letter "P" is added in its name. PSPICE is a powerful general purpose analog and mixed-mode circuit simulator that is used to verify circuit designs and to predict the circuit behavior. It is widely used in electronic design automation. SPICE solves sets of non-linear differential equations in the frequency domain, steady state and time domain and can simulate the behavior of transistor and gate designs. PSPICE was developed at the University of California at Berkeley in the mid-1970s, there are enhanced versions of SPICE provided by several software companies. The heart of your SPICE file is the netlist, which is simply a list of components and the nets (or nodes) that connect them together. As an example, let’s create a netlist for a simple low-pass RC filter. Just draw the schematic, then assign names for the resistor, capacitor, voltage source (R1, C1, VS) and node numbers (1 and 2). Ground is the only exception whose node is always numbered 0.
PSpice has analog and digital libraries of standard components, such as NAND, NOR, flip-flops, MUXes, FPGA, PLDs  and many more digital components. This makes it a useful tool for a wide range of analog and digital applications.
The circuit design in the PSPICE can contain the following components:
  • Independent and dependent voltage and current sources
  • Resistors
  • Capacitors
  • Inductors
  • Mutual inductors
  • Transmission lines
  • Operational amplifiers
  • Switches
  • Diodes
  • Bipolar transistors
  • MOS transistors
  • JFET
  • MESFET
  • Digital gates