What are the stages in the requirements change management process?Ans: (a) Problem analysis and change specification(b) Change analysis and costing(c) Change implementat...
Tuesday, November 22, 2011
What is requirements management?
What is requirements management?Ans: Requirements management is the process of understanding and controlling changes to system requirements. You should start planning of how to manage changing requirements during the requirements elicitation process.&nb...
What is ethnography and how is it used in requirements elicitation?
What is ethnography and how is it used in requirements elicitation?Ans: Ethnography is an observational technique that can be used to understand social and organizational requirements. It helps analysts discover implicit system requirements that reflect the actual rather than the formal processes in which people are involv...
What is a use-case?
What is a use-case?Ans: Use cases are a scenario-based technique for requirements elcitation, identifying the type of interaction and the actors involved. Use cases have now became the fundamental feature of the UML notation for describing object-oriented system models.&nb...
What should be included in a scenario?
What should be included in a scenario?Ans: (a) A description of what the system and users expect when the scenario starts.(b) A description of the normal flow of events in the scenario.(c) A description of what can go wrong and how this is handled.(d) Information about other activities that might be going on at the same time.(e) A description of the system state when scenario finishes.&nb...
Give 5 reasons why eliciting requirements is difficult?
Give 5 reasons why eliciting requirements is difficult?Ans: (a) Stakeholders often do not know exactly what kind of system/services they want. (b) Stakeholders naturally express requirements in their own terms and therefore, requirement engineers should be able to understand these requirements.(c) Different stakeholders have different requirements. Requirement engineers have to consider all potential sources of requirements and discover commonalities and conflicts.(d) Political factors may affect the requirements of the system.eg: managers may...
What are the main advantages of using a standard format to specify requirements?
What are the main advantages of using a standard format to specify requirements?Ans: Especially for large system engineering projects, it is very essential to define the requirements to a fine level of detail. Standard format to specify requirements is also helpful for people who do not have technical knowledge to understand the behavior of a particular system.&nb...
What is the distinction between the terms ‘shallʼ and ʻshouldʼ in a user requirements document, which is written in natural language?
What is the distinction between the terms ‘shallʼ and ʻshouldʼ in a user requirements document, which is written in natural language?Ans: Mandatory requirements are requirements that the system must support and are usually written using 'shall'. Desirable requirements are not essential and are written using 'shoul...
What is the software requirements document?
What is the software requirements document?Ans: Software requirements document also called software requirements specification (SRS) is the official statement of what the system developers should implement. It includes both the user requirements and system requirements in detail. Depending on the size of the system, user and system requirements may be integrated into a single document or the detailed system requirements may be presented in a separate docume...
What is the distinction between functional and non-functional requirements?
What is the distinction between functional and non-functional requirements?Ans: Functional requirements: These are the statements of the services the system should provide, how the system is going to react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations.Non-functional requirements: These are constraints on the services or functions offerred by the system, which include timing constraints, constraints on the development process and standards. These often apply to the system as a whole.&nb...
What are user requirements and system requirements?
What are user requirements and system requirements?Ans: User requirements: These are statements in natural language with few diagrams explaining the services expected to be provided by the system and constraints under which the system must operate. System requirements: System requirements explain the systems’ functions, services and operational constraints in detail, and the document should be precise. It may be a part of the contract between the system buyer and the software develope...
Monday, November 21, 2011
What are the barriers to introducing agile methods into large companies?
What are the barriers to introducing agile methods into large companies?Ans: Large companies need to decide the specifications of the system prior to the system design. Any later change in system specification requires a new contract to be signed between company and contractor which is often painful affort for large companies. Therefore, large companies do not really prefer incremental delivery approach of agile developme...
What is a Scrum sprint?
What is a Scrum sprint?Ans: In software product development, a scrum sprint is a set period of time during which specific work has to be completed and made ready for review. Each sprint begins with a planning meeting. During the meeting, the customer(client) and the development team agree upon exactly what work will be accomplished during the spri...
List 4 questions that should be asked when deciding whether or not to adopt an agile method of software development.
List 4 questions that should be asked when deciding whether or not to adopt an agile method of software development.Ans: (a) Can customer representatives take full time part in the software develpoment? (b) Do customer representatives have suitable personalities for the intense involvement needed? (c) How many stakeholders are there for particular system and what are their priorities? (d) Are delivery schedules...
For what types of system are agile approaches to development particularly likely to be successful?
For what types of system are agile approaches to development particularly likely to be successful?Ans: Agile approaches are best suited to the development of small or medium sized business systems and personal computer produc...
What are the shared characteristics of different approaches to rapid software development?
What are the shared characteristics of different approaches to rapid software development?
Ans: (a) The processes of specification, design and implementation are concurrent. (b) The system is developed in a series of increments. (c) System user interfaces are often developed using an interactive development syst...
Thursday, October 13, 2011
What are the six fundamental best practices in the RUP- Rational Unified Process?
RUP - Rational Unified Process is an example of a modern process model that has been derived from work on the UML and the associated Unified Software Development Process. The six fundamental best practices in the RUP- Rational Unified Process are:
1. Develop software iteratively: Plan increments of the system based on customer priorities and develop the highest-priority system features early in the development process.
2. Manage requirements: Explicitly...
What are the 4 sectors in each loop in Boehmʼs spiral model?
The 4 sectors in each loop in Boehmʼs spiral model are:
1. Objective setting: Specific objectives for that phase of the project are defined. Constraints on the process and the product are identified and a detailed management plan is drawn up. Project risks are identified. Alternative strategies, depending on these risks, may be planned.
2. Risk assessment and reduction: For each of the identified project risks, a detailed analysis is carried out....
Why is it increasingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution?
Softwares continually changes during their lifetime in response to the changing requirements and customer needs. So software evolution does not stop until the end of the lifetime of the software and so as the software development does not st...
What are the principal requirements engineering activities?
The principal requirements engineering activities are:
(a) Feasibility study
(b) Requirements elicitation and analysis
(c) Requirements specification
(d) Requirements validat...
What are the development stages in reuse-based development?
1. Component analysis: Given the requirements specification, a search is made for components to implement that specification. Usually, there is no exact match and the components that may be used only provide some of the functionality required.
2. Requirements modification: During this stage, the requirements are analyzed using information about the components that have been discovered. They are then modified to reflect the available components. Where modifications are impossible, the component analysis activity may be re-entered to search...
What are the benefits of incremental development, compared to the waterfall model?
Incremental development has a number of advantages:
1. Customers can use the early increments as prototypes and gain experience that informs their requirements for later system increments. Unlike prototypes, these are part of the real system so there is no re-learning when the complete system is available.
2. Customers do not have to wait until the entire system is delivered before they can gain value from it. The first increment satisfies their most critical requirements so they can use the software immediately.
3. The process maintains the benefits...
Why are iterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used?
The waterfall model requires clients to commit to particular set of requirements before design begins and designer to commit to particular design strategies based on those set of requirements formally assigned to the system by the clients. If there is any change happens, they will have to go through the entire rework process again which is costly and takes more ti...
What is a software engineering code of ethics?
A set of guidelines that set out expected ethical and professional behavior for software engineers. This was defined by the major U.S. professional societies (the ACM and the IEEE) and defines ethical behavior under eight headings: public, client and employer, product, judgment, management, colleagues,
profession, and se...
What are the 3 general issues that affect many different types of software?
1. Heterogeneity: Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed systems across networks that include different types of computer and mobile devices. As well as running on general-purpose computers, software may also have to execute on mobile phones. You often have to integrate new software with older legacy systems written in different programming languages. The challenge here is to develop techniques for building dependable software that is flexible enough to cope with this heterogeneity.
2. Business and social change: Business...
What is the distinction between computer science and software engineering?
Software engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with practical problems of producing software. Computer science deals with the theories and methods of computer systems. It is mandatory for a software engineer to have some knowledge of computer scien...
What are the four fundamental activities in software processes?
A software process is a sequence of activities that leads to the production of a software product. There are four fundamental activities that are common to all software processes. These activities are:
1. Software specification, where customers and engineers define the software that is to be produced and the constraints on its operation.
2. Software development, where the software is designed and programmed.
3. Software validation, where the software is checked to ensure that it is what the customer requires.
4. Software evolution, where the software...
What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification through to maintaining the system after it has gone into use. In this definition, there are two key phrases:1. Engineering discipline: Engineers make things work. They apply theories, methods, and tools where these are appropriate. However, they use them selectively and always try to discover solutions to problems even when there are no applicable theories and methods. Engineers also recognize...
What are the two fundamental types of software product?
Software engineers are concerned with developing software products (i.e., software which can be sold to a customer). There are two fundamental kinds of software products:
Generic products: These are stand-alone systems that are produced by a development organization and sold on the open market to any customer who is able to buy them. Examples of this type of product include software for PCs such as databases, word processors, drawing packages, and project-management tools. It also includes so-called vertical applications...
What are the essential attributes of good software?
The essential attributes of good software are
Ans: Dependability: It should be secure, safe and reliable so: we can depend on it. In any case of system failure, it should not cause any case of physical or economic damage to the system.
Maintainability: It should be easily maintainable in any case of platform change or changing client’s needs.
Efficiency: It should give us perfect possible efficiency without over using required memory and processor cycles.
Usability: It should be user friendly and easy to interact with customers through an appropriate...
Fabrication of an IC-Integrated Circuit (even thinner than human hair)
An integrated circuit, also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip, is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices.
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and...
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
What are the principal stages of the waterfall model that reflect the fundamental software development activities?
The principal stages of the waterfall model directly reflecting the fundamental software development activities are:
1. Requirements analysis and definition: The system’s services, constraints, and
goals are established by consultation with system users. They are then defined
in detail and serve as a system specification.
2. System and software design: The systems design process allocates the requirements
to either hardware or software systems...
VHDL code for 2-4 decoder
Following is the VHDL code for 2-4 decoder.
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity decoder_2_4 is
port(
a: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
en: in std_logic;
y: out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0)
);
end decoder_2_4;
architecture arch of decoder_2_4 is
begin
y <= "0000" when (en='0') else
"0001" when (a="00") else
"0010" when (a="01") else
...
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